Challenges of Teaching Students with Ebd free essay sample

There is a lot of discussion and disarray when characterizing enthusiastic or conduct issue (EBD). Until 1997 this classification was distinguished as genuine passionate unsettling influence (SED). With the formation of IDEA in 1997 this class was changed to passionate unsettling influence (ED). While the central government despite everything utilizes ED as there recognizing class for this handicap, most experts allude to it as enthusiastic or social issue (EBD). The distinguishing names are by all account not the only disparities between experts who work with these kids and the administration. The national government characterizes enthusiastic unsettling influence as showing qualities that antagonistically influences instructive presentation over a significant stretch of time. More than one trademark must exist and in a specific degree. These attributes include: trouble learning without the present of different elements, inadmissible associations with companions and instructors, improper practices and sentiments, advancement of physical side effects when issues emerge (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, amp; Shriner, 2009). While it is huge that this issue is characterized as an inability by the national government, in this way offering important types of assistance for these understudies, it is defective. There does not have a particular models in the time allotment and the level of manifestations. The Mental Health and Special Education Association adjusted a definition that is accepted to be progressively useful while distinguishing understudies with EBD. They characterize enthusiastic or conduct issue as: â€Å"exhibiting passionate or social reactions in school programs are so unique in relation to fitting age, social, or ethnic standards that the reaction unfavorably influence instructive performance† Mental Health and Special Education Coalition, 1990). They note that this effects scholarly, social, professional or individual abilities for in excess of a run of the mill timeframe as a reaction to a distressing circumstance. The practices must be shown across two settings, one being school and are not diminished by guidance in the general instruction study hall (Health and Special Education Coalition, 1990). The definition incorporates the statement that this incapacity can exist together with others handicaps. The National School Boards Association dismissed this definition when introduced and keeps on utilizing their definition as the device for characterizing kids in this handicap class. They felt that the definition would altogether build the quantity of understudies distinguished as having an incapacity under the ED class (Yell et al, 2009). Debate remains concerning the meaning of ED, which could cause deferrals or absence of essential mediation administrations for some, understudies experiencing EBD. A noteworthy test in ordering understudies inside the EBD class is that they can exist together with different incapacities. Understudies can be misclassified as a having another incapacity or carefully be believed to be freak. This is because of the way that numerous instructors can't perceive the qualities of understudies with EBD. Understudies with passionate or social unsettling influences are subjectively in the normal or better than expected range, however reliably perform beneath ordinary. These scholarly shortfalls can be credited to instructors not understanding this classification of incapacity and not giving the important backings, conduct procedures, successful instructional techniques or educational plan to address their issues. Understudies with EBD may likewise have a language issue. Periodically when a youngster can't adequately convey they will utilize wrong practices until they gain proficiency with the vital relational abilities (Yell et al, 2009). Understudies with EBD are much of the time taught for school infractions. The main strategy by numerous schools is to train understudies when they don't observe the standard. While this can be powerful, the teacher must decide the predecessor of the conduct with the goal for this to be a compelling redirection from submitting a similar infraction. This can be trying for a school on the off chance that they have not had the best possible preparing to play out an utilitarian social examination. It can likewise be tedious to gather the essential information, however in the event that we need to change undesired practices we should realize what the precursor is and the result that might be fortifying the conduct. In the event that an understudy is attempting to escape going to class, at that point teaching them with a suspension would just strengthen them to play out the equivalent wrong conduct once more. Another test for understudies with EBD is the capacity to associate with friends and grown-ups to make significant connections. Educators might be ignorant that their own social associations with their understudies sway their conduct also. In the event that an instructor centers around a student’s unseemly practices and just gives consideration for those practices, the understudy will be bound to proceed with the undesired conduct. A decent dependable guideline is to give three positives to each negative. Another test for EBD is the absence of understanding concerning viable systems to work with this understudy populace. In the event that teachers are not in the custom curriculum division, they likely don't have a lot of knowledge on this incapacity. Instructors may see these understudies as insubordinate and not furnish them with the important intercessions to assist them with being fruitful. Scholarly mediations ought to remember drawing in educational plan with a hands for approach (Yell et al, 2009). Social mediations have demonstrated effective when working with understudies with EBD. As referenced beforehand, playing out a practical social examination can help distinguish practices, their predecessors and outcome. When this information is gathered a positive conduct bolster plan can be executed to support the understudy. Procedures should be school wide and inside every study hall. Positive practices supports to forestall and intercede can assist understudies with diminishing undesired practices and increment favored practices. These techniques must be actualized over all situations to be best. When settling on instructive choices for understudies with inabilities, nobody individual should settle on that choice. It requires the info and cooperation of the whole specialized curriculum group to guarantee that the student’s needs are being met, the sum total of what components have been thought of, and that the required systems are proper and can be executed over all situations. The specialized curriculum group can comprise of: an extraordinary instructor, a general teacher, a VP, a parent, and a school analyst. Their jobs may shift, yet all have a similar objective as a top priority, to furnish the understudy with proper training as characterized by IDEA. The unique teacher gives data about how to instruct the understudy. She will work with the understudy all the time and give contribution on the fundamental facilities dependent on the student’s needs. The extraordinary instructor can likewise give separation of educational plan/guidance and make suitable IEP objectives (NICHCY, 2010). The general teacher knows the substance measures for his evaluation level and subject. He can recognize where the studentâ currently is and where they ought to be. In light of that data he can furnish the group with contribution on what the following movement ought to be to get the understudy to the following degree of accomplishment. He can give knowledge on what strengthening helps and mediation administrations are important to enable the understudy to be effective in his study hall. The general instructor will screen the advancement of the student’s IEP objective in his branch of knowledge. The VP on the SPED group serves the job of the â€Å"representative of the open agency† liable for the student’s instruction as distinguished under the IDEA (NICHCY, 2010). The second in command will manage to guarantee that uniquely planned guidance is given to the understudy. He likewise has the position to focus on assets and guarantee that the administrations depicted in the IEP will be given to the understudy. The school analyst can give data on the instructional ramifications of the child’s assessments. He has done evaluations including, the BASC-II, the ABAS, and the DSM-III. In light of appraisal results he will give input on fitting guidance to meet the child’s needs (NICHCY, 2010). A significant individual from the SPED group is the parent. She has knowledge into the kid that isn't visible in the instructive setting. She can give understanding with respect to how the understudy reacts to comparative circumstances at home. parent can likewise help distinguish the qualities and shortcomings of her kid. She can give contribution on IEP objectives with regards to what objectives are generally imperative to her and her kid. The parent will share data on learning styles, premiums, and give a diagram of past learning encounters. The analytic group is contained experts who deliberately put and offer important types of assistance for understudies. When working with understudies with EBD, this can be a test. So far the group has worries with recognizing understudies with EBD, as the government definition doesn't give points of interest, as two what period of time a conduct must happen to be considered EBD. Likewise, the group is worried that the measures isn't explicit enough in what number of setting the youngster should show the practices and how much. With the absence of data recognized under the IDEA 2004 it makes it very hard to distinguish these understudies. A few understudies thought to be EBD, likewise have different handicaps and the group isn't sure if that is the basic reason for the practices. The group thinks about whether an understudy falling in the Autism class can likewise be arranged as EBD. With so much vulnerability the SPED group depends vigorously on outside assets, for example, formative and conduct pediatricians for the finding of EBD. As a group they will make a proposal, subsequent to controlling the ABAS and DSM-III if the understudy is suspe

The French Wars of Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The French Wars of Religion - Essay Example The well known and learned, denominational reflection on otherworldly issues and the revelation by the Catholic church that it held an incredible position in regards to profound issues plunged France out and about of contention. Wars of religion started in 1562 and proceeded up to the hour of Edict Nantes in 1598. It was the fighting that destroyed age, despite the fact that battled in erratic and uncertain way. These wars happened in France for a long time, as opposed to the hundred years of battling, they involved arrangement of wars rather one difference on the confession booth debate. As indicated by Benedict (2004), these wars comprised principally of common wars between the Protestants considered Huguenots and the Catholics that came about in such a great amount of carnage in France. Furthermore, the French respectable class of the place of Bourbons and place of Guise was associated with the fatal war that went on for a long time. Students of history have credited this fight as an intermediary between a Protestant, Queen Elizabeth I of England and King Philip II of Spain, every one of these individuals are said to have contributed militarily and monetarily to this war. At the time the war started, the Huguenots were the minority in that they involved uniquely of 7% of the French populace (Berce, 1990). Be that as it may, by topographical mishap, they wound up in an appropriate situation to battle when the war started. This war was a lot of a political clash as a strict fight. The fundamental clash was between the lord and the regal families who were Catholics and the dissent battle to have the option to love deliberately and openly tangled with this political clash. In France, the state and religion were bound together by people’s experience and psyche. There was no separation between the private and open, community and individual religion.

Let go of your Stresses!

Let go of your Stresses! A psychologist walked around a room while teaching stress management to an audience. As she raised a glass of water, everyone expected they’d be asked the “half empty or half full” question. Instead, with a smile on her face, she inquired: ”How heavy is this glass of water?”Answers called out ranged from 8 oz. to 20 oz.She replied, “The absolute weight doesn’t matter. It depends on how long I hold it. If I hold it for a minute, it’s not a problem. If I hold it for an hour, I’ll have an ache in my arm. If I hold it for a day, my arm will feel numb and paralyzed. In each case, the weight of the glass doesn’t change, but the longer I hold it, the heavier it becomes.” She continued, “The stresses and worries in life are like that glass of water. Think about them for a while and nothing happens. Think about them a bit longer and they begin to hurt. And if you think about them all day long, you will feel paralyzed â€" incapable of doing anything.It’s important to remember to let go of your stresses. As early in the evening as you can, put all your burdens down. Don’t carry them through the evening and into the night. Remember to put the glass down!Author Unknown Submitted by Tina

Essay on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - 1730 Words

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects 7.7 million American adults and can also occur during childhood. PTSD is an anxiety disorder that stems from a recent emotional threat such as a natural, disaster, war, and car accidents. PTSD usually occurs from an injury or coming close death. A person who has experienced a past traumatic event has a heightened chance of being diagnosed with PTSD after a current trauma. PTSD can also be determined by looking at one’s genes, different emotions, and current or past family setting. Normally, when a person without PTSD goes through a traumatic event the body releases stress hormones, which in time returns back to normal; However, a person with PTSD releases stress hormones that do not return†¦show more content†¦Research shows that many brain and hormonal changes may occur as a result of early, prolonged trauma, and contribute to troubles with learning, memory, and regulating emotions. Combined with a disruptive, abusive hom e environment, these brain and hormonal changes may contribute to severe behavioral difficulties (â€Å"Post-Traumatic† 1). If someone has a loved one or friend who is struggling or may be on the brink of developing PTSD there are two important key factors that can provide more help in determining if the person has it or not. These factors are called risk and resilience factors and they are able to determine who is more likely to develop PTSD and provide different actions that can be used to reduce the risk of developing PTSD. Some risk factors include living through a dangerous event and trauma, history of mental illness, witnessing the death of a person, the feeling of horror, helplessness, extreme fear, and having little to no social support from family and friends. Some resilience factors include seeking support, support groups, coping strategies, feeling good about one’s own actions in face of danger, and being able to act and respond effectively despite felling f ear ( What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 4). These factors are very important and can act as a guide to help anyone who has PTSD and any family or friend who hasShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder980 Words   |  4 PagesToday we are here to figure out why is it that past events are the triggers that cause Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that some people get after seeing or undergoing a dangerous event. There are various symptoms that begin to show or actions that can give a clear answer whether one may be diagnosed with this disorder. One of the many problems is that no age range is safe from suffering PTSD. One must ask themselves what set of events happenedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder851 Words   |  3 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder Introduction â€Å"There are currently over 400,000 Veterans in treatment for PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and it is estimated that with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars there is an additional 33% increase in our returning soldiers.† Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has become a severe issue for veterans returning from overseas. One of the most effective, yet unused resources given to veterans to help them cope with their disorder is specially trained dogs. TheseRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder884 Words   |  4 Pagesof traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes.† (NIMH) Families of veterans struggle to help their loved ones. â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder caused by a person’s exposure to life-threatening or otherwise traumatic circumstances.† (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder affectsRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder1630 Words   |  7 Pagesare now accessing mental health services for the treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) defined by DSM-IV-TR is â€Å"characterised by the re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event accompanied by symptoms of increased arousal and by avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma† (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000). There are many impacts and effects this disorder has on refugees requiring treatment, interventions, education andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1004 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent criteria of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has changed since the DSM-IV. In the DSM-V, the diagnostic criteria draws a clearer line when detailing what establishes a traumatic event. The DSM-V pays more attention to the behavioral symptoms that accompany PTSD and proposes four distinct diagnostic cluster s instead of three. They are described as re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and arousal. Re-experiencing is the spontaneous memories of the traumatic event, recurrentRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1086 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst hand the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is not possible to respond to emergency after emergency and not be subject to some of PTSD’s effects. When I saw this topic in the list I felt compelled to use this opportunity to learn more. My hope is by increasing my knowledge, of a disorder so prevalent in my career field; I can recognize the symptoms in others and myself before there effect becomes devastating. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD as it is more commonly referredRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Trau matic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course it

Servant Leadership as Leadership Philosophy Free Essay Example, 2250 words

By providing opportunities for receipt of employee input, thus improving communications, the manager establishes a base where the results of his collaborative efforts begin to trickle back in the leader s direction in double the measure. This is how this pyramid would appear, visually, if it were inverted. The most virtuous elements of servant leadership include love, vision, trust, humility, service, and empowerment (Irving McIntosh, 2010, p. These are philosophical and humanitarian-related concepts that indicate a servant leader should be equipped with more compassionate characteristics related to personality and emotional bonding. These concepts border on moral and ethical principles, also with characteristics of marital relationships or close-knit friendships. In order to engage in these emotional attachments such as humility and love, there must be a foundation. That might indicate that the definition of servant leadership, as characterized earlier by Page Wong, requires tim e for a development of rather intimate or philosophical relationship arrangements. Whatever the actual or most fitting definition, servant leadership involves having a comprehensive understanding of the interpersonal and somewhat otherwise confidential knowledge of others in order to gain a response from others. We will write a custom essay sample on Servant Leadership as Leadership Philosophy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The system of slavery and resulting Free Essays

The system of slavery and resulting racial prejudice evoked negative reaction from many Americans. Their views came into conflict with the perception of slave labor as `normal` and economically sound part of everyday life prevalent in the mainstream community. some of them resorted to peaceful means for propaganda of their worldview like Harriet Beecher Stowe; others like Nat Turner initiated armed struggle to overthrow the hateful system. We will write a custom essay sample on The system of slavery and resulting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nat Turner’s rebellion continues to evoke a mixed response, depending supposedly on the race of the evaluator and position on racial issues. On the one hand, Nat Turner was definitely a man of great leadership skills, able to motivate many people to fight against inhuman conditions of the Southern plantations.On the other, he is known to have ordered the murder of al white people including children and women, and the list of the rebellion’s casualties includes many people whose contribution to exploitation was but marginal. Similarly questionable are the methods of guerrilla warfare used by John Brown to liberate the slaves. This story demonstrates that centuries after, America continues to be divided on the issue of race and ways to overcome racial tensions. Harriet Beecher Stowe is certainly a less controversial figure. Her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin is undoubtedly one of the most influential books in US history. Its significance was succinctly expressed by Abraham Lincoln in a personal meeting with the writer in 1862: â€Å"So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this Great War!†[1] While the President’s words were surely a polite exaggeration, it is certain that Stowe’s novel helped wake up many citizens who, much like herself before 1850, remained passive onlookers of slaves’ sufferings, informed those remote from the issue, and helped shape and develop the Abolitionist Movement. However, in the South she received negative publicity as people began to accuse her of exaggerating the horrors of slavery. To this date, Americans still live to some extent in the shadow of these events. Still, debates continue as to the need to compensate descendants for the atrocities of slavery, methods to be used for the rehabilitation of the African American community, and heroes of the anti-slavery struggle. For centuries, women remained on the sidelines of American society. Slowly but gradually, their role continued to rise as women’s rights entered the political agenda of the United States as an important issue. This change was made possible by the efforts of many outstanding women who upheld the cause of female liberation through the toughest of times. Harriet Beecher Stowe can be considered a precursor of the Feminist movement. In a letter to George Eliot, Stowe insisted that â€Å"emancipation of slaves must be followed by the emancipation of women†[2]. In an attempt to combine the two, Stowe wrote in New York newspaper Independent that women can be active in the abolitionist cause, striving to leverage their influence by signing petitions, sharing information, and organizing community anti-slavery events[3]. [1] Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. (2005). Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Life and Timeline. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from http://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/life/ [2] Cavendish, R. (2001). Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. History Today 51 (6), 54. [3] Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. (2005). Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Life and Timeline. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from http://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/life/ How to cite The system of slavery and resulting, Papers

National Accounting Standards in Retail Industry free essay sample

This paper analyses the international firms under the national accounting standard in retail industry. The study applies two typically firms which are Woolworths from Australia and Walmart from the United States and compare the two firms in 4 perspectives. Firstly, the different in recognition of intangible assets, revenue, tax, inventory under IFRS (Aus) and U. S. GAAP. Secondly, describe consequence of the different recognition of accounting items and how it affects to financial statement and different regulation under AISC (Aus) and SEC (US). Thirdly, describe the factors that influence the accounting practices of Walmart and Woolworths. In the end, evaluate the theoretical benefits in adopting IFRS standards for both these two companies. Introduction Faced with the pressure of the globalization process and, over the past century, governments set several accounting standards. Countries follow different standard ? ccounting systems and also regulations. In the U. S. , Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are accounting rules used to prepare, present, and report financial statements for a wide variety of entities, including publicly traded and privately held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. But in the recent years, Accounting and financial reporting has been undergoing some changes. This change is mainly brought about by the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) accounting by companies from more than 100 counties all over the world. These 100 countries have been previously using the GAAP or the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. (Kotabe and Helsen, 2004) After seeing the many advantages of using the accounting, these countries have abandoned the GAAP and are now using the IFRS. This paper is to examine the international firms under the national accounting standard in retail industry. Woolworths and Walmart are the two of the most famous firms in retail industry. Whats more, Woolworths from Australia follow the IFRS and Walmart of the united state follow the GAAP. Those are the most typical firms and counties to explain the topic. Thus , we began to compare those two firms in different recognition of accounting items and the how these difference influence the financial report and compare the factors which have been influential in the determination of the accounting practices of the countries within which the firms operate ,also the benefits and drawback of using the IFRS. The variance of specific accounting item between Woolworths limit and Wal-Mart Although the purpose of financial reporting is similar, which is to provide useful information to investors for the prediction of future cash flow? Some specific accounting items are different, Such as, intangible assets, revenue, tax, inventory and so on. Because the accounting standard which the companies used is not the same, it can be proved by the data which shows in their own annual reporting. The variance performance is the following aspects, the recognition, measurement and the disclosure. As the following context, comparing with the annual report of Wal-Mart and Woolworths limits, much more detail about variance of intangible asset, income tax and revenue will be discussed. First of all, the recognition and impairment of intangible asset, such as goodwill, research and development cost and so on, is different shown in these two companies’ annual report. It is tight under the US GAAP, in other words, the A-IFRS which Woolworths limit used is more flexible. As known, the intangible asset is likely to property, plant and other equipment, which must be valued at their historical cost, identify their useful lives and amortized over those lives. According to the annual reporting supplied by two companies, they all test the lives of their indefinite goodwill and intangible assets and calculate the impairment loss. And the company notes: whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. An impairment loss is recognized whenever the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount. (Woolworths limit annual report) And then, from the annual report of Wal-Mart, which follow the US GAAP, it shows that goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations and is allocated to the appropriate segment when acquired. Wal-Mart annual report) And moreover, Goodwill and intangible assets which has indefinite lives will not be amortized; but the impairment expenses will still be evaluated at the fourth fiscal quarter or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the value of the asset may be impaired. (Wal-Mart annual report) Secondly, the recognition of revenues is different. The revenue recognition under A-IFRS, which is similar to the IFRS, it focuses on if the majority risk and reward of ownership is transfer to the buyer. In the annual report of Woolworths limit, revenue is recognized only when it is probable that the economic benefits comprising the revenue will flow to the entity. (Woolworths limit annual report) And then, to the Wal-Mart, it follow the US GAAP, The recognition of revenue in US GAAP is different from IFRS, it depends on if the revenue is realized or realizable or income is earned and recognized. Hence, from the aspect of the Wal-Mart annual reporting, the Company recognizes sales revenue net of sales taxes and estimated sales returns at the time it sells merchandise to the customer. And the Company also recognizes revenue from service transactions at the time the service is performed. (Walmart annual report) The last one is income tax. It contains 2 parts: the current tax and deferred tax. It will be affected by tax rate, method used, law and policy. Compare with the two companies, they all count the current tax as one tax payable, it represent as a future liability, so the majority difference focus on the deferred tax. It shows the temporary difference. In the annual report of Woolworth limit. Deferred tax which using balance sheet method is provided, providing for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. ]Woolworths limit annual report] And according to the information of Wal-Mart’s annual report, it use liability method to measure the deferred tax. The company notes: Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rate is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts more likely than not to be realized. (Wal-Mart annual report) All of these have influence the financial statement. The difference in financial report and regulatory environment International financial reporting standard (IFRS) is the most publicly framework used in the world today to report their financial results. Woolworths limited in Australia followed this standard. As for US. , they followed the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(U. S. GAAP) which is a accounting rules used to prepare, present, and report financial statements for a wide variety of entities, including publicly traded and privately held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. The term is usually confined to the United States. Roberts, C. 2008), so Walmart limited followed it. As we mentioned before, there are some difference in accounting recognition, measurement and disclosure practices. These all affect to the financial reports. However, under IFRS, WOOLWORTHS use the FIFO costing method contrasts with the first in, first out inventory method, so the remaining inventory valued at FIFO more closely represents current or replacement cost. Meanwhile, Walmart values inv entories using LIFO(last in first out) method which is the lower cost in retail of accounting. Company administrators who have selected to use the LIFO method generally believe that costs will either remain stable or increase. It affects the financial statement. Walmart use LIFO accounting for inventory under LIFO. And it can affect less favorable financial results owing to earnings reductions and negative effects on the balance sheet as a company reports its financial position. In the balance sheet, there is the gross profit differential between the Walmart and Woolworths. The difference can be attributed to the increased cost of sales, resulting in illusory inventory profits when FIFO is used to value ending inventory. As the result, Woolworths would not be available for stockholder distribution. Meanwhile, Walmart’s current costs are matched against sales, and therefore inventory profits are not recorded. All the above discussion affects the balance sheet between two companies. For the cash flow statement, Walmart use LIFO, it can obtain a cash flow advantage. When inventory costs are rising, Walmarts tax payments decrease. As a result, owing to less taxes payment under the LIFO method of Walmart , greater cash flow results. With lower taxes, Walmart has increased amounts of cash for operations. And for Woolworths, it uses FIFO approach which with higher taxes and also less cash flow results. For the regulatory environment perspective, Woolworths from Australia follow the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), meanwhile Walmart in the U. S. follow the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The Australian Securities Investments Commission (ASIC) is an independent Australian government body and is Australias corporate, markets and financial services regulator. ASICs role is to enforce and regulate company and financial services laws to protect Australian consumers, investors and creditors and also contribute to Australian economic reputation and wellbeing by ensuring that Australian financial markets are fair and transparent, supported by confident and informed investors and consumers. The laws ASIC administers2005. ) The U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a federal agency which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nations stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets in the United States. Currently, the SEC is responsible for administering seven major laws that govern the securities industry. The enforcement authority given by Congress allows the SEC to bring civil enforcement actions against individuals or companies alleged to have committed accounting fraud, provided false information, or engaged in insider trading or other violations of the securities law. To achieve its mandate, the SEC enforces the statutory requirement that public companies submit quarterly and annual reports, as well as other periodic reports. In addition to annual financial reports, company executives must provide a narrative account, called the management discussion and analysis (MDA) that outlines the previous year of operations and explains how the company fared in that time period. Mandatory disclosure of financial and other information about the issuer and the security itself gives private individuals as well as large institutions the same basic facts about the public companies they invest in, thereby increasing public scrutiny while reducing insider trading and fraud. (Securities Act of 1933) The factors influence the accounting practices of Walmart and Woolworths There’re not obvious major international differences for accounting practices, however some factors still have been influential in the determination of the accounting practices of the countries. That the General Environment which affect the accounting practices of Walmart and Woolworths can be summarized as follows several factors: Economic environment factors, Socio-cultural factors, Political and Legal, Technological, and some other external influences. Economic environment factors n the world economy is appear general weakness and the uncertain environment, Walmart still had reported sales growth between 4% and 6%, amounting to $419 billion. The companys associates are around the world, like United Kingdom, Germany, China, and South Korea. The Walmart had grown from its rural Arkansas roots to become the one of the largest company in the world, and quite possibly the most powerful retailer. On the other hand, comparing to other nations, Australia and New Zealand have a high level standard of living. Thus, Woolworth operates in an economically sound environment. Also the purchasing power parity of GDP per capita in Australia is $39,699 which is ranked number 10 based on the 2011 estimates by the International Monetary Fund. (Wikipedia, n. d. ) Socio-cultural Walmart stores were toward the customers that stand in low-income segment; headquarters were reflective of the companys tendency to be tightfisted as they were housed in warehouse style buildings with minimalist decor. So, the central tenet of Walmart was Frugality, and every partner was expected to fully adopt this value in all its manifestations. It was also said that the company is homogenizing the marketplace by letting smaller towns dictate popular culture. For Woolworth is following the â€Å"sustainability strategy 2007-15† trend for sustainable corporate practices and green lifestyle. The Investors and customers who are understand of the environmental impacts of their investing and consuming behavior could choose Woolworth, because with a green-tag and patronize products that are organic. Also for their convenient and efficient services, the company addresses the needs of customers with time for shopping. Policy / Law In the policy and law factors, America and Australia are both following commonwealth law. So, Walmart and Woolworth only have a very slight difference in this respect. There are some policies for Woolworth benefits during the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (ANZCERTA). This trading cooperation leads Woolworth is operating between two countries brings into a single economy. Woolworth and its shareholders are also secure in the political stability of both countries. In â€Å"IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook†, Australia ranked 3rd and New Zealand 5th in 2011. Women were not allowing sitting in supervisory and managerial levels. There are said to be pending lawsuits waiting for Walmarts notions as the company has allegedly went against the labor laws. This maybe affect accounting practices of Walmart. Technological For Walmart and Woolworth use technology to maximize operational efficiency could decrease operating costs, and Walmart was a leader in this part. Very early on, the company realized the value of technology for investments, so the firm deployed a private satellite network. Through distribution centers and a central hub-and-spoke system of warehouses Walmart also managed much of its own logistics and the corporate logistics handled over million loads each year. Woolworth uses the information communication technology to improve the efficiency of their service and meet their customers. In 2008 it introduced the self-checkout machines that enable the customer to â€Å"scan, weigh and pay for their groceries via cash, credit or debit cards†. Palmer, 2008) the company also used the Service Oriented Architecture software to monitor their business activity, identify bottlenecks of their service in real time and reduce costs. Recently they introduced the Visa’s payWave to reduce waiting time of customers spent in checkout queues. (Budmar, 2011) Taxation Taxation is also an important part which could affect accounting pract ices of Walmart and Woolworth. US and Australia both are commonwealth country. US products implement a sales tax levied at the retail model, and retail enterprises engaged in business shall be according to the states tax rate on its sales place. In Australia, businesses provide goods and services, unified collection of 10% GST. Thus, Walmart has high cost to Calculate tax. The theoretical benefits of using IFRS A coordinated worldwide financial reporting could improve investor confidence in the decision making and risk assessment information they used. Conversely, if the same thing under different financial reporting systems and information published figures are different, apparently, in the thinking of investors who do not have professional skills accounting will be to lose credibility. So, this part will critically evaluate the theoretical benefits if Walmart and Woolworth which operating in US and Australia follow the IFRS standards There are not significant differences between USGAAP and IFRS, the following is Walmart using IFRS may produce benefits: 1. Uniform financial reporting for listed companies to increase data reliability and transparency, thereby reduces the investment costs, including lower interest rates and stock price. 2. For company, to prepare statements of expenditure and cost will be significantly reduced. Cancel the current USGAAP requirements cumbersome reconciliations, and savings for the enterprise. . In the case of the convergence of accounting standards, the professional development of accountants with professional qualifications will be subject to geographical restrictions. Movement of professionals is always a good thing. In general, the higher similarity of the Australian Accounting Standards and IFRS, and its formulation has a certain influence, so if the use of IFRS in Australia, less difficult. The treatment of AIFRS may lead to the results of its listed companies financial reports are different with the financial report prepared under IFRS. If the merger leads to the fair value increase or generate goodwill, Using IFRS, treatment will affect the future economic benefits due to lower depreciation and amortization expense and possible increase of assets. Comparing with the appropriate international body of the report, the body of the report of Australias non-publicly traded is under more disclosure requirements. In addition to compliance costs, the Australian reporting entities also disclose the sensitive and secret information, if Woolworth follow IFRS, the report of non-publicly traded does not need the disclosure of such information. In addition, using IFRS is not only from the consolidated financial statements, not require the preparation of a separate parent company financial statements. Also, increase the company from using the equity method. This could reduce the possibility of leakage of confidential and maintain a competitive advantage, and reduce the cost of financial reports. The Australia reported the main body must be to determine the fair value of subsidy by the non-monetary governmental, while the international body of the report can be notional amount of record such a government subsidy. Thus using IFRS is reducing the fair value of the donation of non-monetary assets, thus resulting in lower net asset value, but it will also result in lower depreciation expense. In conclusion the aim of Accounting standards internationally coordinated is to eliminate or reduce the differences between national accounting standards and accounting system, an increase in common with each other, so that gradually converge, and the financial information provided by internationally comparable and equivalents. With the international economic cooperation, the growing number of mutual investment, international capital markets continue to grow and develop, which makes the Internationalization of Accounting, more precisely, the internationalization of accounting standards become an irreversible trend.